The rising cases of liver cancer form a major health concern. However, there are several causes of cancer, but chronic hepatitis B and C are recognized as the leading causes of liver cancer.

Chronic hepatitis causes inflammation of the liver cells that triggers a series of events, trapping the organ in a viscous cycle of tissue repair and inflammation.

Quick Facts About Liver Cancer

• • Liver cancer is the 3rd leading cancer worldwide.
• • Hepatitis B causes liver cancer without cirrhosis.
• • The rising incidence of Fatty liver (NAFLD/NASH) is the subsequent reason for liver cancer.
• • It’s often asymptomatic, diagnosed at later stages.
• • Most common in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.

Understanding Symptoms and causes of liver cancer

What is Liver Cancer?

The uncontrolled growth of abnormal liver cells is called liver cancer.

Types of Liver Cancer:

• • Metastatic Cancer – The cancer that has spread from other cancers in the body to the liver is not liver cancer.
• • Primary Liver Cancer – The most common type of liver cancer that begins in the liver cells is hepatocellular cancer.

Stages of Liver Cancer

• Stage 1: Small-sized tumor that has not spread to nearby blood vessels.
• Stage 2: The rapidly growing and spreading tumor.
• Stage 3A: One or more tumors are formed, and one of them has spread to the major blood vessels near the liver.
• Stage 3B: The tumor extended to different organs nearby.
• Stage 3C: The cancer has spread to the lymph nodes.
• Stage 4: The cancer has spread to distant parts of the body – bones, lungs.

Early Signs of Liver Cancer

• • Extensive weight loss
• • Loss of appetite
• • Pain in the abdomen and swelling
• • Jaundice
• • Tiredness
• • Nausea
• • Vomiting
• • Yellowish urine and skin

Causes of Liver Cancer

Chronic Hepatitis B and C– Viral hepatitis, when untreated, severely damages the liver, causing liver cancer.

Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver – The excess fat deposition in the liver causes tissue injury and liver inflammation.

Cirrhosis – The tissue scar that extends in size and replaces the healthy liver cells.

Genetic disorder – Autoimmune liver disease, liver cell damage.

Intake of steroids – Long-term use of anabolic steroids leads to liver toxicity and malignant transformations.

Who is at Risk of Liver Cancer?

People with chronic hepatitis B and C viral hepatitis- when left untreated for a long time, because chronic inflammation that leads to tissue injury.

People with excessive alcohol consumption- excessive alcohol causes fat deposition in the liver, causing liver tissue injury and inflammation.

Patients having cirrhosis- it is an irreversible stage of liver damage, which can lead to cancer.

Obesity- overweight progresses to excess fat deposits in the liver, causing NASH or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Type 2 diabetes (metabolic disorders)  

Male over 50- it is more common in elderly men due to changes in hormones and lifestyle.

Autoimmune liver disease – Autoimmune hepatitis can cause severe liver damage, increasing the risk of cancer.

Family history of liver cancer- genetic risk of liver cancer increases if the family has an incidence of liver cancer.

Treatment for Liver Cancer

• • Surgical removal of the tumor
• • Targeted anticancer therapy
• • Chemotherapy
• • Immunotherapy
• • Liver transplant

Aprazer Healthcare, global pharmaceutical leaders in liver care produce a large range of hepatoprotective medicines, innovative antivirals and targeted anticancer medicines manufacturer, ranging from liver cancer to blood cancer.

At Aprazer, we ensure quality without compromise, powered by our WHO-GMP certified manufacturing facilities.

Driven by science, backed by trust — Aprazer Healthcare empowers life.

Inflammation that persists in the liver cells for a long time tends to severely damage liver cells and interrupt normal liver functioning.

Acute inflammation exists for a shorter duration, is usually protective. However, chronic inflammation extending longer adversely affects health.

What is chronic liver Inflammation?

The body reacts to foreign stimuli, injury, or infection, causing inflammation.
The inflammation that is left untreated and extends beyond the short duration is called chronic inflammation.

The link between chronic liver Inflammation and liver cancer

• • The inflammation triggers a cascade of events, damaging the cell DNA.
• • Long–term cell injury – the long-term inflammation caused by infections, alcohol, etc., continues to cause liver injury, weaken liver functions, and impair its ability to recover.
• • Immune response overdrive – the chronic inflammation causes the immune system to respond and release signals, causing overactivity, destroying liver tissue and cells.
• • Production of free radicals – the inflammation generates free radicals or oxygen species, which damage cells and cause genetic mutations.
• • Compensatory regeneration – the liver cells over-express themselves to replace the damaged cells. Repetitive cycles of cell division and induced mutations increase the risk of cancer cell multiplication.
• • Liver Fibrosis – damaged or inflamed liver cells form a large tissue scar.
• • Cirrhosis – the fibrosis or tissue scar covers the entire organ. It is an irreversible stage leading to severe liver damage.
• • Cancer development – the series of events, including oxidative stress, immune overactivity, and tissue scarring, causes cancerous transformations.

Causes of Liver cancer – Types of chronic liver inflammation

• • Hepatitis B or C infection – When a virus is not cleared for the long term, it causes an overactive cycle of inflammation.
• • Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease – excessive fat buildup in the liver due to obesity, metabolic disorders, causing liver injury and inflammation, triggering an immune response.
• • Alcoholic Fatty Liver – fat buildup due to alcohol, causing long-term inflammation.
• • Fibrosis – the inflammation that affects tissue, causing tissue scarring.
• • Cirrhosis – the irreversible liver damage or the rebound inflammation.

Final thought to prevent liver cancer

Managing inflammation through timely intervention, lifestyle modification reduces the risk of cancer.

Aprazer Healthcare – Empowering Liver Health, Preventing Cancer

Aprazer, committed to fighting hepatitis globally, manufactures a range of antiviral therapy medicines and hepatoprotective drugs to prevent liver damage.

Aprazer is a world-recognized name and the largest manufacturer of hepatitis B and Hepatitis C medicines.

• • World-class manufacturing infrastructure
• • WHO-GMP-certified medicines
• • Continuous research and drug development
• • Equipped with cutting-edge technology
• • Global presence and partnerships

Proven Effective in Multiple Stages of Disease Progression

Prostate Cancer?

The enlarged cell or the over-expressive cells in the prostate gland tends to cause prostate cancer.

Prostate Cancer: A Shifting Challenge

Prostate cancer is the prevalent cancer in men and is treated by surgery, radiation or hormone therapy.
However, the condition remains uncontrolled after treatment, leading to resistant prostate cancer.

What is Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer?

The cancer cell adapts to the changing environment and mutates to grow even in low levels of testosterone, reaching the castration state.
The cancer becomes resistant to hormone therapy and continues to grow, even after the removal of the testicles.

Treatments for Prostate Cancer

Hormone Deprivation Therapy

Testosterone promotes the growth of tumors. Hormone therapy effectively inhibits testosterone secretion.
Inhibiting androgen secretion shrinks the tumor and blocks cancer cell proliferation.

Enzalutamide (Indenza): A Game Changer in CRPC Treatment

Enzalutamide is a second-generation drug. It blocks the signaling pathway, directly blocking the androgen receptor or the response signal for cancer proliferation.

Enzalutamide Offers a Three-Step Blockade

• • Blocking testosterone binding to the androgen receptor.
• • Inhibiting the translocation of the androgen receptor.
• • Preventing androgen binding to DNA.

The first-generation androgen receptor blockers do not bind strongly.

Understanding the Paradoxical Role of Bicalutamide

Bicalutamide does not directly bind to the receptor; it is a competitive testosterone receptor antagonist that reduces its blocking efficacy. It acts as a partial agonist, which stimulates the androgen receptor without fully blocking it.

Why Enzalutamide is Superior in CRPC Management?

Compared to the first-generation androgen inhibitors, enzalutamide binds selectively to the testosterone receptors, potentially blocking the testosterone binding.

• • Selective blockade
• • Complete antagonist effects
• • Lower resistance
• • No agonist effect
• • Shuts down AR signaling entirely
• • Prolongs survival
• • Delays disease progression
• • Improves quality of life
• • Effective even after hormone resistance

Aprazer Healthcare – Advancing Cancer Care Globally

At Aprazer, we are committed to making essential healthcare accessible and affordable for all. We manufacture one of the largest ranges of high-quality anticancer medicines, including Indenza (Enzalutamide) for CRPC.

Global Reach

We are widely available in the global healthcare markets in CIS countries, Southeast Asia, Africa, and South America.

Why Aprazer?

• • World-class manufacturing infrastructure
• • Continuous research-driven innovation
• • Scientifically backed solutions

Hormone cancer is a highly prevalent cancer that constitutes about 60 percent of the breast cancers.
and its treatment requires hormonal therapies.

However, inflammatory breast cancer is the rarest form and requires treatment by a combination of
therapies.

Understanding the types of breast cancer becomes crucial to unravel the best treatments.

Types of Breast Cancer

HER-2 Positive Cancer

Next comes HER2-positive cancer, which means excessive HER-2 genes, relying on estrogen and progesterone to grow. HER-2 is Human Epidermal Growth Factor receptor-2, which helps breast cell growth and repair. Treatment involves both HER2-targeted therapy and hormone therapy.

HER-2 Negative Cancer

HER-2 negative cancer produces excessive HER-2 gene but does not depend upon estrogen or progesterone; treatment involves a targeted therapy approach.

Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

It is a type of cancer that does not depend on hormone secretion. The treatment required a combined therapy – chemotherapy, immunotherapy, surgery, and targeted therapy.

Metastasis of Breast Cancer

The cancer is spreading to different parts.

Breast Cancer caused by Inflammation

It’s the rarest cancer, highly aggressive, having symptoms like redness, flare, and does not cause the formation of a lump. Treatment focuses on combination therapy, including antibody-drug conjugates.

Types of Breast Cancer Treatments

Targeted Therapy used in Breast Cancer

It involves targeting the cancer cells, causing minimal harm to the normal cells.

• • CDK4/6 protein inhibitors – Used in HER-2 negative cancers to inhibit the cancer cell cycle.
• • HER2 inhibitor drugs – Used for hormone-dependent cancers like HER-2 positive cancers.
• • Multi-kinase inhibitor – Used in combined therapies to treat advanced or early-stage cancers.

Hormonal Drug Therapy for Breast Cancer

Hormonal therapy inhibits the secretion of hormones. It blocks estrogen (female hormone), prevents tumor growth, and also causes shrinkage of the tumor to shrink.

• • Aromatase inhibitor – This enzyme converts androgens to estrogens. Blocking the aromatase enzyme significantly lowers the estrogen expression.
  It’s highly effective for women after the post menopause.
• • Selective estrogen receptor inhibitor (SERD) – Stops estrogen secretion.
• • Luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone propagator – LHRH alters this ovarian function, thus reducing estrogen secretion.
  It produces high results in pre-menopausal women.

Immunotherapy

Immune therapy improves the immune system, reduces cancer.

• • Checkpoint inhibitors – They reactivate the immune system and are used in triple-negative breast cancer.
• • Monoclonal Antibodies – These produce antibodies against cancer.
• • Genetically modified T cells
• • Antibody-Drug Conjugates – The antibodies are abreast with cytotoxic drugs, like microtubule inhibitors, to kill cancer cells.

Aprazer Healthcare: Advancing Cancer Care Treatments

Bridging the affordability gap, Aprazer Healthcare develops a range of affordable oncology care medicines and is the largest manufacturer of anticancer medicines.

The anticancer medicines are available worldwide in 50+ countries of South America, Africa, Southeast Asia, and CIS countries.

World-class manufacturing infrastructure and WHO-GMP certified premium quality.

A small mass over the left kidney remained silent until it was incidentally discovered following a treatment for an accident and was diagnosed as Kidney cancer.

This is not Uncommon-

Ninety-nine percent of kidney tumors remain hidden for years and are diagnosed when they reach an advanced stage or are often discovered accidentally, looking for other diseases.

Kidney tumor?

The Growth of cells or mass in the kidney that highly abnormal and may be cancerous or non-cancerous.

A cancerous mass requires immediate intervention. However, non-cancerous conditions do not require immediate treatment and may remain harmful for years.

Types of Kidney Tumors

• • Benign Tumors – The non-cancerous tumors that do not spread and are usually harmless.
• • Malignant Tumors – Harmful tumors that change the structure, size, and spread to the neighboring organs and body parts.

Kidney cancer?

It is the uncontrolled growth of cells in the kidney, and rapid cell division and proliferation occur in kidney cells.

Types of Kidney Cancer

• • Carcinoma of the Renal Cells: The cancer of the renal tubules. It is the most common kidney cancer.
• • Carcinoma of the Transitional Cells: Cancer of the Renal Pelvis that collects urine.
• • Sarcoma of the Renal Tissue: Connective tissue of the kidney get cancerous.
• • Wilms’ Tumor: It is a cancer that occurs in the immature kidney cell in children.
• • Kidney Lymphoma: The blood cancer that effects the kidney.

Risk Factors for Kidney Cancer

• • Smoking
• • Excessive weight
• • Hypertension
• • Family history of renal cancer
• • Chronic kidney disorder
• • Exposure to mutagenic chemicals and gases
• • Sex: Males
• • Age: above 50 years

Symptoms of Kidney Cancer

• • Blood in the urine
• • A lump or mass in the kidney area
• • Pain in the flank
• • Tiredness
• • Reduced appetite
• • Unexpected weight loss
• • Mild fever
• • High calcium
• • Anemia
• • Low blood count
• • Pain in the bones and muscles

Understanding The Stages and Grades of Cancer

The stages of kidney cancer

Stages 1 to 2 – local, cancer has not spread

Stages 3 to 4 – aggressive and fast spreading stage

The stage of cancer is used in diagnosis to determine the size and the spread of cancer.

The Grades of Kidney Cancer:

The grade defines the nature of cancer, the abnormality in the shape of the cancer cells.

• • Grade 1 – slow growth
• • Grade 2 – moderate growth
• • Grade 3 – more likely to spread
• • Grade 4 – aggressive and fast spreading

Cutting-Edge Kidney Cancer Treatments by Aprazer Healthcare

Understanding criticality and the urgent need for affordable access to anticancer medicines, Aprazer develops a range of world-class oncology care medicines, affordable and accessible to all.

• • World-class manufacturing infrastructure
• • Global standards for medicines – WHO-GMP-certified
• • Scientifically backed solutions
• • Continuous research and drug development
• • Assured quality, efficacy, and safety

Our vast Oncology portfolio consists of –

• • Chemotherapy medicines: Apragem, Dorucin
• • Targeted therapy medicines: Pazokast, Inlybest

Hepatitis C silently kills a million lives every year.

Aprazer Healthcare stands at the forefront, developing advanced Hepatitis C medicines, with innovative drug developments taking place at its state-of-the-art manufacturing facility.

Hepatitis C?

Hepatitis C is a liver infection.

Causative Agent: Hepatitis C virus (HCV)

The HCV Virus Induces-

Inflammation and swelling in the liver.

Types of Hepatitis C

• • Acute Hepatitis C – lasts for a few months
• • Chronic Hepatitis C – persistent and lasts longer

The Modes of Transmission of Hepatitis C

• • Mother to child
• • Infected needles or syringes
• • Sharing personal items like razors, toothbrushes
• • Transfusion of infected blood
• • Unsafe sex

Symptoms of Hepatitis C

Early symptoms often remain unrecognized.

The acute phase shows mild symptoms that can subside on their own.

However, the disease remains silent for many years, and the symptoms appear only when it has damaged the liver.

• • Weakness
• • Bleeding
• • Loss of appetite
• • Jaundice
• • Yellowish discoloration of skin, eyes, and urine
• • Fluid retention, swelling in legs and feet
• • Weight loss
• • Confusion, drowsiness
• • Spider-like blood vessels or veins

Complications of Chronic Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C continues to damage the liver, causing severe outcomes.

• • Liver scarring
• • Liver fibrosis
• • Hepatocellular Carcinoma
• • High pressure in the portal vein
• • Liver failure
• • Joint pain, kidney disease, and kidney inflammation
• • Insulin resistance, increased risk of diabetes
• • Brain fog, impaired cognitive functions

Is There Any Cure for Hepatitis C?

The direct-acting antivirals inhibit the growth and multiplication of the viral cells, significantly killing the virus.

• • Highly effective – Can be used in cirrhosis or other liver complications
• • Well tolerated – Lesser side effects
• • Shorter treatment duration
• • Convenient and easy to use orally

Highly Prescribed Medicines for Hepatitis C

• • Velakast
• • Ribasure
• • Ledikast
• • Dacikast
• • Sofokast Plus
• • Sofokast

Cure Is Possible, but Access Is Key

While the cure is possible, hepatitis C remains a global burden due to inaccessible healthcare, expensive treatments, and medicines.

Aprazer’s Promise – Access, Affordability, and Accountability

Aprazer Healthcare, committed to building a sustained healthcare ecosystem where the essential medicines are available and accessible to all, manufactures an affordable range of Hepatitis C medicines.

• • WHO –GMP certified medicines
• • Uncompromised quality and safety
• • Assured efficacy
• • Global reach and partnership

Aprazer Healthcare – A real chance at a Hepatitis C-free life.

Often heard, the tumor for years was silent, and turns malignant.

A benign tumor is generally considered harmless, does not spread to the neighboring tissue, and does not cause an urgency to treat.

What is The Tumor?

It is the outgrowth of cells, the overgrowing cells cause to formation of solid tissue masses. It is the abnormal cell growth.

Types of Tumor

• • Benign Tumor – it is a noncancerous growth of cells, does not spread, and is very slow-growing.
• • Malignant Tumor – it is a rapidly growing cancer of cells, which rapidly invades neighboring tissue, causing the cancer to spread.

Difference between Benign and Malignant Tumors

Difference Between a Tumor and a Cyst

A tumor is a solid mass of abnormal cells, while a cyst is an abnormal growth of cells filled with fluid.

Tumor Types with Potential for Malignant Changes:

Benign tumors can change to form malignant tumors –

• • Adenomas – it is the growth of tissue that lines the glands or the organs.
  Adenomas that have the potential to progress to cancers – colon adenoma, thyroid adenoma, and hepatic adenoma.
• • Oral Cancers – injury or irritation causing mouth ulcers or inflammation in the oral cavity. The white colored patches or sores occur in the mouth.
• • Cancer of the Moles – when a mole changes in color, size, texture, or starts to bleed. It can convert to skin cancer.
• • Pituitary Adenomas or Meningiomas – rarely convert to cancers, the tumors in the pituitary gland or the meninges.

The Risk of Transformation Depends Upon:

• • Family history – people having cancer in the family
• • Chronic inflammation caused by smoking, drug abuse
• • Genetic mutations caused due to exposure to radiation, stress, etc.
• • Environmental factors – repetitive exposure to toxic substances like metals, cadmium, and nickel.

Symptoms: Benign Tumor Converted to Malignant?

• • Rapid growth – spreading into neighboring tissues and organs.
• • Pain discomfort – benign tumors are usually painless, but abrupt pain and pressure on the neighboring organ may  indicate malignancy.
• • Increase in size and Changes in shape – redness, scaling, darkness of moles, and change in edges, hardened mass.
• • Bleeding – the bleeding of the internal tumors in stool or urine indicates malignancy or local spread.
• • Neurological dysfunctions in brain or spinal tumor – headache, confusion, dizziness, seizures, and vision changes.
• • Unexplained weight loss or weakness
• • Loss of body functions like breathing, digestion, and the legs indicates local invasion of the tumor.
• • Recurrence after removal

The Role of Advanced Medicines by Aprazer Healthcare

Aprazer Healthcare develops advanced anticancer treatments to prevent cancer progression and to treat advanced-stage cancers.

• • Chemotherapy Medicines – Carbokast, Nab paclikast
• • Hormone Therapy – Acalakast, Indenza
• • Targeted Therapy – Cabozer, Imatinib

Conclusion

Understanding the progression, early symptoms, and regular monitoring prevents the risk of malignancy or severe consequences.
Benign tumors remain silent but can become harmful.

Hepatitis B has been a global concern. The irony arises that the symptoms are invisible at the early stages.

Hepatitis B is often diagnosed when it reaches liver cirrhosis or chronic liver damage.

Global Facts about Hepatitis B

• • Hepatitis B is the leading cause of liver cancer.
• • Approximately 1.2 million new cases are added every year.
• • The primary source that spreads Hepatitis B is from the mother to the child.
• • Hepatitis B results in 1.2 million deaths per year.
• • Hepatitis increases cancer risk by 15%.
• • 296 million people live with Hepatitis B infection, and over 6 million are children under 5 years of age.
• • 90% of the infants develop chronic hepatitis if infected at the time of birth.

What is Hepatitis B?

Hepatitis is the inflammation of the liver. It can be both acute and chronic. Hepatitis B is caused by the HBV virus.

Types of Hepatitis B

• • Acute Hepatitis B lasts less than 6 months.
• • Chronic Hepatitis B lasts more than 6 months.

The Modes of Transmission of Hepatitis B

• • Unprotected sex
• • From mother to child
• • Transfusion of infected fluid, blood
• • Infected needles and syringes

Symptoms of Hepatitis B

Symptoms occur within 1–2 weeks of infection, but many do not show any symptoms, especially the young children.

• • Yellow urine
• • Pain in the abdomen
• • Fever
• • Weakness
• • Indigestion and vomiting
• • Reduced appetite

Treatment for Hepatitis B – Antiviral Therapy

Hepatitis B cannot be cured, but can be controlled using effective antiviral drugs. The treatment aims to enhance survival rates and improve quality of life.

Hepatitis B spreads through a virus, mandating the need for antiviral therapy.

Benefits of Antiviral Therapy

• • Significantly lower the viral load
• • Improves liver health
• • Reduces transmission
• • Prevents disease progression

Medicines for Hepatitis B

• • Tafnext
• • Entekor
• • Tafsure
• • Tudobest

The Healthcare Gaps in Hepatitis B Treatment

• • Delay in Diagnosis – The symptoms remain silent for years and is often diagnosed late due to overlapping symptoms with other illnesses.
• • Not regular testing or screening – many people are not screened regularly. Nor regular testing till a chronic illness occurs.
• • Unawareness – The people seem to think it cannot be me, often ignore early symptoms, mild symptoms, thinking it will wave off on its own.
• • Social stigma – misconceptions about transmission, effects relationships and develop many fears.
• • Long-term medication – high treatment cost, limited access, and misconceptions about side effects often lead people to leave medication.
• • High cost of branded drugs – The branded drugs are high cost and the generic versions are unavailable and inaccessible to all patients.

Aprazer Healthcare is bridging the healthcare gap, making Hepatitis B treatment accessible to all.

Aprazer manufactures world-standard, premium-quality, affordable Hepatitis B medicines.

WHO-GMP certified, assured quality, efficacy, and safety.

Affordable Hepatitis B medicines – Tafnext, Entekor, Tafsure, Tudobest

Global partnerships are making it accessible to all.

Aprazer manufactures an affordable range of Hepatitis B medicines without compromising quality.

Affordable Hepatitis B Medicines Manufacturer:

Tafnext, Entekor, Tafsure, Tudobest

Global partnerships are making it accessible to all.

The shifting climates, lifestyles, and genetics have increased vulnerabilities, not only the scarcity of resources, but also an increase in diseases and health disorders, both infectious and chronic.

The rising disease burdens have made healthcare an indispensable need of the time.

Despite scientific advancements, millions die unable to access expensive treatments.

Many diseases demand lifelong medication, like a kidney transplant, people leave the therapy and the medicines, due to the high cost.

Cancer treatment takes away lifelong savings.

Getting ill is not confined to health degradation, but it’s an economic catastrophe. The lifelong treatments and over-expensive medical care leave families vulnerable to debts and economic crisis.

The Critical Need for Affordable Medicine

Healthcare is not a luxury, it’s a need for survival.

Affordable healthcare builds global equity, improves human capital and drive economic growth.

It leads to early interventions and proper treatment adherence, increasing the survivability rates.

Why are Medicines Expensive?

Medicines are developed after a stringent process of molecular development, innovation, research, clinical trials, and regulatory clearances, which include extensive costs.

The manufacturing companies are given rights to patent these drug molecules for years and sell them at high prices to recoup their investment.

What are Affordable Alternatives?

After the period when the patent expires, the pharmaceutical companies are free to develop similar drug molecules, with the same efficacy and safety.

These are available at low prices because they are bio equivalent to already developed drug molecules.

They do not undergo an extensive research process or early clinical trials.

They undergo the post-market surveillance and similar quality and safety assurances as the patented medicines.

Affordable Medicine Manufacturer

Aprazer Healthcare, redefining healthcare, bridges the affordability gap through its innovative healthcare solutions available at cost-effective prices.

Aprazer manufactures a diverse range of life-saving medicines in various therapeutic segments.

• • Anticancer Medicines
• • Hepatology Medicines – Hepatitis B medicines, Hepatitis C medicines
• • Gastroenterology Medicines
• • Nephrology Medicines
• • Erectile Dysfunction Medicines
• • Critical Care Medicines
• • Focus Therapy Medicines
• • HIV medicines
• • Rheumatology Medicines

Affordable Medicine Exporter and Supplier Worldwide

Committed to global health equity, Aprazer extends beyond barriers, making the essential medicines accessible across the globe.

Aprazer marks a remarkable global presence, extending its reach to emerging markets and economically weaker markets to build a sustainable healthcare ecosystem, leaving no one behind in access to essential medical needs.

Aprazer is present extensively in 50+ countries.

Africa, South America, South-East Asia, and CIS countries.

Championing Affordability, Aprazer Healthcare delivers hope, survival, and second chances to lives.

How Does Cancer Begin?

Cancer is the outgrowth of normal cells, when the genetics of the normal cell changes and the cells continue to grow in large numbers without a halt is called cancer. The cancer cells grow excessively, occupying healthy cells.

The Broad Classification of Cancer

Solid Cancers –

• • Carcinomas – cancers of the epithelial cells
• • Sarcomas – cancers of the connective tissue
• • Tumors of the CNS – Tumors of the brain or spinal cord.

Blood Cancers – The cancer of the blood, bone marrow, or lymphatic fluid that includes –

• • Leukemia – cancer of the blood
• • Lymphoma- cancer of the lymphatic system
• • Multiple Myeloma – cancer of bone marrow plasma cells

Mixed Cancers – These affect multiple cell types, involve both solid tumors as well as cancer of the blood.

• • Carcinosarcomas – cancers that involve both epithelial tissue and the connective tissue.
• • Teratomas – cancer of hair, muscles, bone, teeth.
• • Mixed germ cell Cancer – it involves different types of germ cells, testes or ovaries

How Cancer Does Spread?

The spread of cancer is called metastasis.

Cancer invades the normal cells by 4 ways-

• • Local Invasion – it is the spread of the cancer to the neighboring organs.
• • Intravasation – it is the entry of the cancer into the neighboring blood vessels and lymphatic system.
• • Circulation – when the cancer cells get circulated in the blood, reaching different places.
• • Extravasation – when the cancer cells reach different organs and tissue.
• • Colonization and Growth – cancer cells start multiplying and rapidly growing in new organs and tissues.

Stages of Cancer

The stages of the cancer are defined by the TNM staging system.

• • T – The size of the tumor and its spread
• • N – The extent of spread to the lymph node
• • M – The extent of spread to other organs.

• • Stage 0 – curable stage, cancer cells haven’t spread to the neighboring organs.
• • Stage 1 – localized cancer, malignant tumors, which can be removed.
• • Stage II – the tumor is getting larger, with deeper invasion into the surrounding tissues.
• • Stage III – tumor spread to the nearby lymph nodes.
• • Stage III – Metastasis, cancer has spread to distant organs.

Which stage is preventable?

The preventable stage is always before the zero stage, when the tumor is undetected but still in the body.

• • Stage 0 and 1 are highly curable stages.
• • Stage 2 – not highly curable, where the cancer has spread into the nearby tissue or organ.
• • Stage 3 – the cure depends upon the type of cancer and the location and response of body to the drug.
• • Stage 4 – where the cancer has spread to other organs or tissues, and is not curable but is treatable.

Types of Cancer Treatments

• • Chemotherapy – Inhibits the growth of cancer cells and their multiplication and division.
• • Bleokey (Bleomycin) – Chemotherapeutic agent for Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
• • Targeted therapy – used to effectively kill only cancer cells, without affecting healthy cells.
• • Imatikast-400 (Imatinib) – used for myeloid and lymphoblastic leukemia.
• • Hormone Therapy – block hormone receptors or secretions, inhibit cancer that grows by hormones.
• • Abirakast (Abiraterone Acetate)/ Indenza (Enzalutamide) – used for castration resistant prostate cancer.
• • Radiation – it is the beam of radiation that is projected over cancer cells, which damages their DNA.
• • Surgery – it is the removal of a tumor through invasive medical procedures.
• • Immunotherapy – It is the way of enhancing the immune system to fight cancer cells.
• • Stem cell transplant – It is the bone marrow transplantation that produces new blood cells, eliminating the production of defective genes in blood.

Conclusion

The cancer is preventable when detected and screened timely. Intervention at early stages and adherence to treatments can reduce a significant number of casualties.