The cervix is a part of the reproductive system that is present below the uterus. It is involved in mensuration and childbirth.

It is vulnerable to several types of infections, both bacterial and viral infections, causing inflammation and sores on the outer surface of the cervix.

Cervical Cancer?

Cervical cancer is an abnormal cancerous growth on the surface of the cervix.

The leading cause of cervical cancer is known to be HPV infection, spread through unsafe sex, affecting even the young.

Cervical Cancer Types

Cervical cancer is classified depending on the type of cells involved-

Squamous Cell Carcinoma – It is the cancer of the cells that form the external surface of the cervix.

Adenocarcinomas – it is the cancer of the glandular cells that line the innermost part of the cervix. These glandular cells secrete mucus and fluid.

Symptoms

• • Unusual vaginal discharge
• • Bleeding after menopause
• • Pain in the pelvic area
• • Painful intercourse
• • Unexplained weight loss
• • Fatigue
• • Difficulty in urination or bowel movement

The Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer

• • Smoking
• • Having multiple sexual partners
• • Early sexual activity
• • Oral contraceptives
• • Other sexually transmitted diseases
• • Weakened immune system

The Treatment for Cervical Cancer

The treatment of cervical cancer depends upon various factors, like age, overall health and future needs for pregnancy.

It involves –

Surgery – Surgery involves the removal of cancerous tissue and the areas involved, where cancer has spread. It is mainly done in the early stages.

• • Partial removal – It is done for cancer that has not spread, and it involves the removal of only the cancerous part of the cervix or the tissue.
• • Removal of Cervix – It is the removal of the cancerous cervix and the surrounding tissues, which are at risk of spread.
• • Removal of Cervix and Uterus- It involves removing the organs – cervix, uterus, some part of the fallopian tubes, and the ovaries.

Radiation Therapy – It is the induction of X-rays (intense) on the localized tumors or cancer cells.

• • External Radiation – It involves the external radiation localized on the tumor or the cancerous part.
• • Internal Radiation – In this, a device containing radioactive material is placed inside the vagina for a short duration. It exhibits radiation to kill tumor or cancerous cells.

Targeted Therapy – It is the anticancer therapy that targets specific proteins or receptors on cancer cells, inhibiting the cancer cell growth and proliferation.

Immunotherapy – It is the use of drugs that boost the immune system, causing immune cells to fight back against cancer.

Chemotherapy – It includes the use of cytotoxic drugs to kill cancer cells, cancer growth, and spread.

Palliative Therapy – It is the use of anticancer drugs to relieve cancer symptoms and complications caused by advanced-stage cancer.

The Commonly Used Medicines for Cervical Cancer Include

• • Cisplatin – Cycokast
• • Carboplatin – Carbozer
• • Paclitaxel – Paclikast
• • Docetaxel – Docekast
• • Gemcitabine – Apragem

Aprazer Healthcare – Leadership in Oncology Care Pharmaceuticals

Aprazer Healthcare is the leading anticancer medicine manufacturer, developing advanced cancer therapy drugs.

With global trust and appreciation, Aprazer Healthcare is the leading anticancer medicine exporter to 50-plus countries in Southeast Asia, Africa, and South America.

• • WHO-GMP certified manufacturing capacities
• • Continuous Research and drug development
• • Affordable anticancer Injections

The breast cancer therapy in estrogen-positive breast cancer is the transition from tamoxifen, which inhibits estrogen secretion, to complete receptor blockade by fulvestrant at advanced stages.

Tamoxifen provides a partial inhibition, while Fulvestrant, which degrades the estrogen receptor, is widely used in advanced or resistant cancer.

What is Tamoxifen and SERM?

SERMs are the selective receptor (estrogen) modulators that bind to exhibit different actions at different locations. They antagonize receptors in the breast while mimicking estrogen activity in other organs.

Tamoxifen is a SERM drug. It competitively binds to the estrogen receptor, which inhibits estrogen activity. It binds to the estrogen receptor present in the breast tissue and has an antagonistic action. It mimics the estrogen action in other tissues, including bones, ovaries. It is used in women who develop cancer at an early age.

What is Fulvestrant and SERD?

SERDs are the selective estrogen receptor degraders. It selectively blocks estrogen receptors and completely inhibits estrogen expression, without partial agonist activity.

Fulvestrant is a SERD. It works by degrading the estrogen receptor, inhibiting estrogen binding. It is used in advanced-stage breast cancer. It not only blocks estrogen activity but also destroys estrogen receptors and is often used in endocrine therapy-resistant cancers.

Why Switch from Tamoxifen?

• Development of Resistance – Long-term use of tamoxifen leads to drug resistance. The estrogen molecules adapt to the modulated receptor and show their expression.
• Partial Agonist action – The competitive receptor binding does not offer complete blockade. The agonist nature of tamoxifen increases the risk of developing cancer in the ovaries and also increases the formation of blood clots.
• Advanced disease – When the disease is progressing or metastasized, for a stronger blockade of estrogen receptor, fulvestrant or other aromatase inhibitors are used.

Advantages of Fulvestrant

• • It offers a complete blockade of the estrogen receptor
• • No partial agonist action.
• • Widely used in cancers that no longer respond to hormone therapy.
• • Do not increase the risk of endometrial or blood clots.
• • It is widely used in postmenopausal women.
• • It is used to treat advanced-stage breast cancer and metastasized cancer.
• • It reduces the risk of cancer recurrence.

The Treatment Pathway

Early stage therapy – Tamoxifen is commonly used in premenopausal women as adjuvant therapy or after surgery or radiation. It is usually taken for 5 to 10 years in the form of oral preparation.

Progression or post-menopausal setting – In later age, when the cancer progresses after menopause, estrogen is produced primarily from the ovaries, and the treatment is shifted from tamoxifen to aromatase inhibitors or fulvestrant for potent suppression. Aromatase enzyme is responsible for estrogen production.

Resistant cancer – Fulvestrant is used in hormone-resistant or aromatase-resistant breast cancer. It is the resistant case when endocrine therapy is not effective. Fulvestrant degrades and blocks the estrogen receptor.

Combination therapy in advanced cases – In advanced or metastasized breast cancer, fulvestrant is used in combination with other therapies or drugs like CDK4/6 inhibitors that inhibit estrogen signaling, while fulvestrant degrades the estrogen receptor. It offers dual suppression and potent action against cancer cells.

Fulvekast by Aprazer – Fulvestrant Pre-filled syringes

• • Better convenience – Pre-filled syringes are quick and ready to use.
• • Precise dose – Accurate and safe dosages.
• • Globally Available – Readily available at varied hospital care settings, public healthcare clinics.

Aprazer Healthcare is the leading anticancer injection manufacturer, developing a range of advanced anticancer drugs, both oral and injectable.

• • WHO- GMP certified manufacturing facilities.
• • Continuous research and drug development.
• • Affordable range of anti-cancer medicines.

Developing 30+ anticancer molecules, Aprazer is the leading anticancer drug exporter to 50+ countries across the globe.

Aprazer Healthcare redefines cancer treatment by developing targeted therapy anticancer drugs that are affordable and accessible worldwide.

Hormone therapy is the common targeted cancer therapy for cancers and tumors dependent on hormones for growth and proliferation, called hormone–sensitive cancers. Hormone-controlling drugs are used to inhibit the growth and cancer cell proliferation.

It is widely used in reproductive system cancers like breast cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, etc.

What is Hormone Therapy?

It is a type of cancer treatment that inhibits the hormone supply needed for the growth and development of the cancer cells. It’s effective against hormone-sensitive cancers only.

It works by 2 processes-

• • Blocks hormonal receptors that secrete hormones.
• • Inhibits the binding of the hormone to the receptor.

The Hormone Therapy Role in Cancer Treatment

By inhibiting the hormones fueling hormone–sensitive cancers or tumors, it slows down the cancer progression, spread, and causes the tumor to shrink.

The goals of hormonal therapy depend upon the type of cancer and the stage of cancer.

• • It is used before surgery to shrink the tumor and facilitate its removal.
• • It is used to remove cancer cells after surgery.
• • Used for recurrent cancers to prevent the return of the cancer.
• • It is used for palliative care to reduce the symptoms in advanced-stage cancers.

The Cancers That Are Treated With Hormone Therapy

The common cancers that are treated with hormone therapy are –

• • Breast cancer – hormone receptor-positive (HR-positive) breast cancers. The breast tumors that require estrogen/progesterone (female hormones secreted by the ovaries) for their growth and spread are treated by hormonal therapy that inhibits or lowers the amount of estrogen.
• • Prostate cancer – The prostate tumors require testosterone, a male sex hormone secreted by the testes. It is treated by hormone therapy that blocks or lowers the secretion of testosterone.

The Advanced Hormone Therapy Drugs Offered by Aprazer Healthcare

Aprazer Healthcare is at the forefront of research and drug development. It is the leading anticancer drug manufacturer, developing novel drug delivery systems.

Leveraging cutting-edge technology and with world-class infrastructure, we are the largest anticancer injection manufacturer, exporting anticancer medicines worldwide.

Hormone Therapy Medicines for Breast Cancer – Prescribed Worldwide

• • Anzakast (Anastrozole) – It is widely used for initial–stage breast cancer that is estrogen sensitive. It inhibits the aromatase enzyme, required for the production of estrogen. It is used for women after menopause. It reduces the risk of recurrence, lowers the risk of uterine cancer and the formation of blood clots.
• • Letrakast (Letrozole) – Use in the treatment of advanced breast cancer resistant to anti-estrogen therapy (SERM) in postmenopausal women, lowering the risk of recurrence.
• • Fulvekast (Fulvestrant) – This is the next–generation anticancer drug. It acts by inhibiting estrogen production. It is widely used in failed cancer therapies like SERM or aromatase inhibitors.
• Fulvekast – Prefilled Fulvestrant syringes are widely used in postmenopausal women with advanced or metastatic ER+ breast cancer, offering better patient compliance and precise dosage.

The Common Side Effects of Hormone Therapy in Females

• • Weakness and fatigue
• • Unusual vaginal discharge
• • Hot flushes and night sweats
• • Vaginal bleeding in postmenopausal women
• • Thinning of the hair
• • Bone weakness and demineralization
• • GIT upset – Nausea, Vomiting
• • Mood disorders and Depression
• • Blood clots
• • Weight gain

The Advanced Hormone Therapy Medicines for Prostate Cancer

• • Abirakast (Abiraterone acetate) – Blocks the enzyme, which downregulates testosterone secretion in males. It shrinks tumors and slows down cancer progression.
  Uses – Castration-resistant prostate cancer
• • Indenza (Enzalutamide) – It is the advanced treatment for castration resistant prostate cancer. It inhibits the testosterone receptors and blocks the binding of testosterone. Offering a multi-step blockade, it is a potent androgen receptor blocker.
  Uses – Castration-resistant prostate cancer

The Side Effects of Hormone Therapy in Males

• • Hot flushes and sweating
• • Sexual dysfunctioning
• • Bone and muscle loss
• • Increased weight
• • Cardiovascular risk
• • Mood changes and depression
• • GIT upset
• • Reduced sperm count
• • Shrinking of testicles
• • Electrolyte imbalance
• • Hypokalemia
• • Fluid retention
• • High blood pressure

Why Hormone Therapy Matters?

Hormonal therapy is one of the powerful modern-day cancer treatments, offering a targeted treatment that offers fewer side effects.

It targets the hormonal cells, causes starvation and death of hormone–sensitive tumors without affecting the normal body cells.

• • It improves the quality of life.
• • Provides targeted action
• • Prevent cancer recurrence
• • Improves survival rates
• • Supports different cancer treatment stages.

Aprazer Healthcare is the leading global pharmaceutical giant, transforming the healthcare landscape through innovative drug development and world-class manufacturing infrastructure.

We specialize in manufacturing premium-quality specialty care medicines. We are the leading manufacturers of cancer medicines, Hepatology medicines, HIV medicines, nephrology medicines, and critical care medicines.

Affordability Defines Our Initiative for Accessible Healthcare for All

Aprazer Healthcare focuses on overcoming the next–decade challenge of increased demand for affordable, high-quality medicines. Committed to essential healthcare access for all, we are focused on manufacturing advanced healthcare treatments that are affordable, effective, efficient, and accessible worldwide.

Manufacturing Excellence

State-of-the-Art Manufacturing Facilities

Backed by WHO and EU GMP certification, our 6 manufacturing units ensure hygiene and safety standards for high–quality manufacturing.

International Regulatory Compliance

Adapting to the evolving regulatory standards, we adhere to strict regulatory compliance and maintain accountability for drug safety profiles and efficacy.

High Production Efficiency

Evolving with the latest technological advancements utilizing continuous batch manufacturing, we take effective endeavors to minimize wastage, streamline production, enhance efficiency, and increase production turn-overs.

Stringent Quality Controls and Therapeutic Assurance

Using the high-quality standard API, we offer potent, precise, and well-tolerated drug formulations with assured therapeutic value and standards.

Adherence to robust quality control measures and validation processes makes us valuable leaders in quality drug manufacturing.

Innovation-Driven Manufacturing

Understanding the complex nature of disease, we adapt to the evolving landscape of treatment, developing a range of diverse drug therapies.

Precision cancer care treatments, targeted therapy drugs, hormonal therapy drugs, etc. Direct-acting Antivirals for Hepatitis treatment and the anti-retroviral for sustained viral suppression in HIV therapy.

Next-Generation Formulations

Driven by the advanced drug delivery systems and dosage forms, equipped with cutting-edge technology and capacities for large-scale production, we develop a range of dosage types –

• • Oral dosage forms – tablets, capsules, Nano particles, and liposomes
• • Sterile Injections – lyophilized powders, infusions for Intravenous use, RTU-technology injections, and pre-filled syringes

Eco-Friendly Manufacturing

To obtain sustainable manufacturing, we maintain effective recycling processes for waste processing throughout the product life cycle.

Global Reach & Market Presence

We have been a leading pharmaceutical exporter to more than 20 countries. We have extended our reach to global markets with our quality manufacturing, offering affordable medicines worldwide.

Robust Supply Chain Distribution

With our effective distribution network, we ensure temperature-controlled shipments, preserving product efficacy and integrity.

Aprazer Healthcare – Your Global Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Partner

As a global pharmaceutical manufacturer with global reach and international compliance, Aprazer Healthcare is the leading pharmaceutical company, manufacturing global-standard, high-quality, life-saving medicines, affordable worldwide.

Aprazer Healthcare is at the forefront of manufacturing advanced HIV medicines and innovative therapies. Increased HIV incidents every year, lack of adherence, and limited access to treatment raise global concerns for affordability. Aprazer is committed to offering affordable HIV medicines, accessible to all, and manufactures a wide range of HIV medicines.

What is HIV?

HIV is an infection caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It is highly contagious and transmissible. It affects the body as a whole by down-regulating the immune system.

Causative Agent for HIV

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

The Effect of HIV on the Body

HIV completely invades the body’s immunity, targeting healthy CD4+ cells and T cells to evade viral detection in the body.
CD4+ cells and the T-cells help the body fight foreign infections.

What are the Stages of HIV?

• • Acute HIV – It is the initial stage where flu-like symptoms occur for a couple of weeks or months after viral exposure.
• • Chronic HIV – It is years, during which the symptoms remain hidden, but it is highly transmissible.
• • AIDS – It is the persistent HIV infection that leads to AIDS.
  It is a condition leading to many infections and, weakened immune system.

Symptoms of HIV

• • Fever
• • Mouth ulcers
• • Sore throat
• • Skin rashes
• • Muscle and joint pain
• • Sweating and chills
• • Diarrhea
• • Weight loss
• • Cough
• • Swollen lymph nodes of the neck

Mode of Transmission

HIV spreads through various means:

• • Unsafe sex
• • Using the same needles or syringes
• • Transfusion of infected blood
• • Mother to child during childbirth

Treatment for HIV

Standard HIV treatment includes a regimen of antiretroviral therapy:

• • NRTIs: Tenofovir, Lamivudine, Emtricitabine
• • NNRTIs: Efavirenz, Integrase inhibitors- dolutegravir
• • Protease Inhibitors: Lopinavir and Ritonavir

Aprazer Healthcare: Advancing HIV Care Across Borders

At Aprazer Healthcare, we bridge the gap in HIV care through better accessibility and affordability. As one of the world’s largest manufacturers and exporters of HIV medicines, we deliver trusted, high-quality HIV medicines that save millions of lives globally.

World-Class Manufacturing

Our manufacturing facility is equipped with:

• • Advanced technology platforms
• • Precision-driven quality monitoring systems
• • Strict compliance with WHO-GMP standards

Innovation at the Focus

With a focus on improving affordability, compatibility, and achieving better patient outcomes, Aprazer Healthcare continues to develop new drug molecules and innovative solutions.

Global Reach

Serving 50+ countries across Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the CIS region.

Aprazer’s HIV Portfolio

Our product portfolio includes an effective range of fixed-dose combinations for HIV therapy:

• • Easy, one dose at a time
• • Effective combinations
• • Lowered resistance
• • Stronger viral suppression

Available Products:

• • Abakast-L – Abacavir 600mg & Lamivudine 300mg
• • Temirazer – Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate, Emtricitabine 300mg/200mg
• • Virarazer – Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate, Emtricitabine & Efavirenz Tablets IP 300mg/200mg/600mg
• • Tudobest-LE – Lopinavir and Ritonavir USP Tablets 200mg/50mg
• • Tudobest-L – Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate & Lamivudine Tablets IP 300mg/300mg
• • Lopikast – Lopinavir and Ritonavir USP Tablets 200mg/50mg

It is a treatment procedure for end-stage renal disease or in conditions when the kidneys fail to work. It is the replacement of a damaged or defective kidney with a healthy kidney from a donor.

What is the Role of an Immunosuppressant for a Kidney Transplant?

The immune system reacts to the transplant or graft as a foreign element and becomes activated to form antibodies against it, leading to organ failure. The immunosuppressants suppress the immune system and prevent organ rejection.

Working of Anti-Rejection Medicines

They suppress the immune system and do not attack the transplanted organ. These medicines are used in combination to maintain a balance between organ protection and immune suppression.

The immune system should not be over–suppressed, so that it increases the risk of various infections, and also it should not be expressed enough to fail the graft system.

They Are Given in 3 Phases –

• • Induction Therapy – This is an intensive therapy; the high dose of anti-rejection medicine is given intravenously before the transplant and also after the transplant once or twice a day.
• • Maintenance Therapy – This is the long-term therapy in which the transplant medicines are given after the surgery to prevent organ rejection and offer long-term protection.
• • Rejection Treatment – It is the treatment given during the time of a rejection episode. This is a short-duration course given only for that period to offer immediate protection for the graft.

The Commonly Used Anti-Rejection Medicines for Maintenance Therapy –

Myfocept (Mycophenolate Mofetil) – it inhibits the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes, a component of white blood cells that is responsible for the immune response. It significantly suppresses the immune system, preventing organ rejection or transplant failure.

• • Uses: It is used as prophylactic treatment for organ transplantation.
  Post-transplant treatment for liver, kidney, and heart transplants.
  Autoimmune diseases like psoriatic arthritis.
• • Its available strengths: Myfocept 250 mg and Myfocept 500 mg.

Xgraf (Tacrolimus) – It blocks the enzyme, which is essential for T-cell activation. Inhibiting the enzyme suppresses the T lymphocytes and T-cell-mediated immune activity.

• • Uses: it’s used for organ rejection in kidney transplant, liver transplant, and heart transplant.
  Atopic dermatitis (Eczema).
• • It is present in 3 strengths: Xgraf-0.5, Xgraf 1, and Xgraf-2.

Myfocept-S (Mycophenolate Sodium) – It is an enteric-coated tablet that offers fewer GIT side effects. It works by blocking the enzyme, essential for the multiplication of T and B lymphocytes, responsible for the immune response.

• • Available strengths: Myfocept S-360mg, Myfocept S-180mg.

Cyclosporine – Cyclosporine is a strong immunosuppressant; it targets T cells and inhibits the immune attack against the foreign organ. It is widely used in post-transplant care as induction therapy as well as in maintenance therapy. Also used in autoimmune skin diseases like psoriasis, eye inflammation, and certain blood disorders.

Prednisone – It is a steroid, used to suppress the immune system in various pathological conditions like endocrine disorders, skin, and inflammatory disorders. It is also used to prevent rejection during an organ transplant.

Sirolimus – It is used to prevent kidney graft rejection by inhibiting T-cell proliferation. It prevents chronic rejection, offering long-term graft protection. It is used in lower doses and offers fewer side effects.

Side Effects of Immune Therapy in Post-transplant Care

Long-term use of immunosuppressants causes –

• • Increased risk of infection
• • High blood pressure
• • Type-2 diabetes risk
• • Skin problems
• • Demineralization of bones
• • Weakness
• • Gastrointestinal upset

Aprazer Healthcare – Innovation that extends beyond drug development

Aprazer Healthcare is the top nephrology drug manufacturer, known worldwide for innovative treatments.

• • World-class manufacturing infrastructure – WHO-GMP, EU-GMP certified manufacturing facilities.
• • Exporting premium-quality organ transplant medicines worldwide, Aprazer Healthcare is making advanced treatment accessible for everyone.
• • It is the largest exporter of Nephrology medicines globally.

Leukemia is common in children and has a congenital appurtenance. However, certain forms are widespread in adults.
Early stages of Leukemia can be effectively treated and managed. In children, it is highly curable, offering long–term survival years.

What is Leukemia?

It is a disorder of the blood cells in which white blood cells are overproduced.

The large amount of white blood cells inhibits the production of other blood cells by narrowing the space in the bone marrow.

Types of Leukemia

• • Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) – It is a condition when the bone marrow starts to produce white blood cells that are not mature and also in excess amounts. The abnormal cells lose their functionality. It is a highly progressive cancer, spreads rapidly. It is found mainly in children due to some genetic predisposition.
• • Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) – It is a type of blood cancer in which immature blood cells are formed due to a mutation in myeloid cells in the bone marrow responsible for the formation of RBC, Platelets, and WBC. It is usually found in elderly people.
• • Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) – SIt is a slow-progressing blood cancer. It remains asymptomatic for many years. It is characterized by the overproduction of mature white blood cells that have abnormal functioning. From the bone marrow, it spreads into the nearby lymph nodes, causing lymph node swelling.
  It usually occurs in elderly people.
• • Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) – It is the overproduction of mature myeloid cells, but they show abnormal functionality. It is a slow-progressing disease the old and middle-aged people.
  It is often linked to the Philadelphia chromosome (BCR-ABL gene fusion).

Risk Factors for Developing Leukemia

• • Previous cancer or cancer treatment – Any cancer or cancer treatment, like radiation, chemo, or other therapy, increases the risk of genetic mutations.
• • Smoking – various cancerous elements in the cigarette increase the risk of myelogenous leukemia.
• • Hazardous chemicals – exposure to harmful chemicals like gasoline, asbestos, etc., triggers leukemia.
• • Genetic disorders – genetic disorders are the main reason for the development of leukemia in children.
• • Down syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and Fanconi anemia, etc.
• • Chronic blood disorders – Bone marrow disorders (myelodysplasia), Polycythemia Vera, increase the risk of leukemia.
• • Family history of leukemia – If a member of the blood relations has blood cancer.
• • Smoking – increases the risk of myelogenous leukemia

Symptoms of Leukemia

• • Fatigue
• • Difficulty in breathing
• • Fever
• • Night sweats
• • Persistent infections
• • Skin discoloration
• • Weight loss
• • Bone or joint pain
• • Swelling in lymph nodes
• • Easy bruising & bleeding
• • Skin rashes

The Treatment for Leukemia

• • Chemotherapy – Chemotherapy is the primary treatment for leukemia, offering long-term survival and cure.
• • Induction therapy – This is highly intense therapy to reduce the number of rapidly dividing cancerous cells in the blood and the bone marrow.The cytotoxic drugs, like Doxorubicin or cytarabine, are administered intravenously in intermittent cycles.
• • Consolidation therapy – It is the next step, in which the anticancer drugs are administered adjuvant to other therapies like hormone therapy, targeted therapy to eliminate the cancer cells left after the induction therapy.
• • Maintenance therapy – This is the last phase of chemotherapy to prevent the return or relapse of the cancer after the complete remission of the cancer cells. It uses lowered doses of the drugs and is less aggressive.It may last from weeks to months, depending on the type of leukemia. It forms a critical component in the treatment of childhood leukemia.
• • Prophylaxis treatment – Blood cancer rapidly spreads to the central nervous system (brain and spine). To prevent its spread, the anticancer medicines are administered into the circulating fluid in the spine.

The Anticancer Drugs for Leukemia Include –

• • Cytarabine – Cytarzer
• • Methotrexate – Trexazer
• • Daunorubicin – Daunozer
• • Doxorubicin Hydrochloride – Dorucin
• • Etoposide – Posiact

Targeted therapy

Targeted therapy drugs are used to target specific cancer proteins. It is widely used in myelogenous leukemia (CML) caused by the Philadelphia chromosome (BCR-ABL gene fusion).

The targeted therapy drugs target the mutated chromosome, significantly inhibiting cancer cell production at the source.

• • Imatinib (Imatikast) – First generation
• • Dasatinib (Dasakast) – Second generation

Immunotherapy

The monoclonal antibodies modify the T cell activity to attack cancer cells in the body.

Radiation therapy

It is not the primary treatment for leukemia. However, it is used to shrink enlarged or swollen lymph nodes or the spleen to prepare for stem cell replacement.

Stem cell (bone marrow) transplant

It is the administration of healthy stem cells into the blood. These stem cells travel to the bone marrow and produce new blood cells.
Before the infusion, the damaged bone marrow is destroyed by a high dose of chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

Aprazer Healthcare – Innovating Advanced Cancer Medicines

Aprazer Healthcare, manufacturing advanced treatments, leads the way as a leading oncology drug manufacturer.
Our product portfolio comprises 30 + generic anticancer molecules.
We are globally trusted, with top oncologists prescribing our medicines for their consistent quality, safety, and effectiveness.

It is the most common cancer, highly aggressive, and spreads rapidly. It is highly prevalent due to excessive UV radiation from the sun caused due to ozone layer depletion.

What is Melanoma?

It is the cancer of the melanocyte cells, which give color to the skin.
It occurs in the skin that is exposed to the sun or UV, including arms, legs, and back.
It can occur in the eyes, forming a rare cancer of the skin.

What are the types of skin cancer?

• • Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) – It is a shiny, skin or pink patch.
• • Cancer of the flat squamous cells – It is the type of cancer that occurs in the mucosal layer that lines the organs.
• • Melanoma – It is the cancer of the pigment-producing cells, which give colour to the skin.

Symptoms of Skin Cancer

• • Unusual shapes and sizes of the moles
• • Unusual skin changes
• • Bleeding, itching
• • Dark streaks under the nails
• • Unusual pigment spread
• • Rough patch on the skin
• • An unhealed sore on the skin

What are the Risk factors for skin cancer?

• • UV radiation exposure
• • Use of artificial UV lights
• • Lack of melanin in the skin
• • Weakened immune system
• • Growing age
• • Unusual skin spots
• • Family history of skin cancer

What is the treatment for skin cancer?

Surgery

It removes the cancerous tissue.

Radiation Therapy

It is the radiation that is spread on the tumor to kill the cancer.

Chemotherapy

It is the use of anticancer drugs that inhibit cancer cell formation.

Targeted Therapy

It focuses on the cancer cells.

Immunotherapy

It is used to boost the immune system to fight the cancer.

Photodynamic Therapy

The light radiating drugs inhibit cancer cell growth.

What are the medicines for skin cancer?

• • Dacarbazine – Dacarzer
• • Cisplatin – Cycokast
• • Carboplatin – Carbozer
• • Temozolomide – Temzokey
• • Paclitaxel – Paclikast, Nab-paclikast
• • Docetaxel – Docekast

Aprazer Healthcare: Advancing the Future of Cancer Care

Aprazer Healthcare leads the way in oncology drug development, with cutting-edge technology and advanced treatments, manufacturing a range of anticancer drugs.

Aprazer is the leading anticancer medicine manufacturer with WHO–GMP certified facilities and continuous research and drug development.

Gallstones, which are common and highly found in the Asian and African communities, due to genetic factors, dietary and lifestyle shifts, increase the risk of gall bladder cancer.

What are gallstones?

The impaired breakdown of fats leads to the accumulation of cholesterol, bilirubin, and calcium, forming hard masses.
Gallstones affect the digestive system of the body by obstructing the bile flow. It impairs nutrient absorption and causes inflammation.

What is gall bladder cancer?

Gall bladder cancer is the cancerous cell growth and propagation in the gall bladder. The bile fluid is collected in the gall bladder and released into the intestine.
The gall bladder concentrates the bile fluid to make it stronger for the digestion of high-fat molecules.

The link between gallstones and gall bladder cancer

Persistently occurring gallstones obstruct the bile flow, leading to toxic or waste fluid buildup and causing inflammation, increasing the risk of cancer.

The chronic inflammation causes –

• • Cellular damage
• • Suppresses the immune system
• • Increase risk of infection
• • Provides an environment for tumor growth

The common type of gall bladder cancer

Adenocarcinomas are the most common gall bladder cancer that arises from the gland-like cells, which form the surface of the organs, including the gall bladder.
The finger-like projection or the mass formed by glandular cells in the gall bladder is the papillary form of Adenocarcinomas.

Other cancer types include –

• • Squamous cell cancer
• • Neuroendocrine tumors
• • Sarcoma
• • Aden squamous cancer

What are the other risk factors of gall bladder cancer?

• • Growing Age – The increasing age increases the risk of cancer.
• • Gender – it is much common in women compared to men.
• • Family history – when cancer is hereditary in the family.
• • Porcelain gallbladder – the gallbladder becomes very hard and brittle, filled with gall stones.
• • Gall bladder polyps – the extended growth the epidermis forming small polyps or masses.
• • Primary sclerosing cholangitis – it is a bile duct disorder, causing inflammation that extends to the gall bladder and causing toxic fluid buildup in the gall bladder.
• • Obesity – it causes rapid fat breakdown, increased lipid and cholesterol accumulation.
• • Smoking – the carcinogenic elements in the cigarette increase risk of gall bladder cancer.

The symptoms of gall bladder cancer

• • Pain in the abdomen
• • Yellowish coloration of the eyes or urine
• • Lumps in the stomach
• • Loss of weight
• • Nausea
• • Fever
• • Vomiting

What are the treatments for gall bladder cancer?

Surgery

It is the partial or complete removal of the gall bladder.

Chemotherapy

It is a combination of drugs that is used before surgery to shrink the tumor or after surgery to eliminate cancer cells.
It is also used as a palliative care for advanced cancer.

Radiation therapy

It involves a beam of radiation targeting the tumor. It can be both internal and external.

Targeted therapy

It is the medicines that target the cancer cells.

Immunotherapy

It is the use of antibodies or advanced treatments that boost the immune system to fight cancer.

What are the medicines for gall bladder cancer?

• • Gemcitabine – Apragem
• • Cisplatin – Cycokast
• • Capecitabine – Capekast
• • Oxaliplatin – Oxazer
• • Paclitaxel – Nab paclitaxel

Aprazer develops innovative cancer care treatments

As the leading anticancer medicine manufacturer, Aprazer develops the latest advanced treatments and drugs for better cancer aid and supports cancer care programs.

The cancer medicines developed by Aprazer are worldwide recognized and prescribed by the leading oncologists.

Fallopian tubes play a crucial role in female fertilization. It is the duct where conception or pregnancy takes place.

What is the Fallopian Tube?

It is a pair of tubes that lie between the ovaries and the uterus, connecting both the organs.

What is the Use of the Fallopian Tube?

It is a female reproductive part. It has the following functions –

• • Egg transportation – the fallopian tubes aid in the transportation of eggs from the ovary to the uterus
• • Fertilization – it is the duct where eggs are fertilized by sperm
• • Embryo transport – after fertilization, the fertilized egg is transported to the uterus

What is Fallopian Tube Cancer?

Fallopian tube cancer is the cancer of the internal cells (epithelial) of the fallopian duct. Its symptoms resemble ovarian cancer or endometrial cancer, causing a delay in diagnosis.

What are the Types of Fallopian Tube Cancer?

The fallopian tube cancer occurs in the epithelial layer of the ducts. The epithelial cancer is of various types –

• • Serous cancer – Classified as low grade or high grade, which is highly aggressive. It is mostly associated with BRCA gene mutations.
• • Clear cell cancer – A rare type of cancer that originates from the cells forming reproductive organs.
• • Endometrioid cancer – A hormone-positive cancer that is sensitive to hormone therapy.

Risk Factors for Fallopian Tube Cancer

• • Increasing age – women after menopause are at risk of cancer
• • Mutated genes – The inherited mutated BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 genes increase the risk of reproductive cancer.
• • Family history – A family member with cancer
• • Lack of pregnancy – A high number of ovulation cycles occur in women who do not have a pregnancy, which increases the risk of mutation during the ovulation process.
• • Obesity – A high amount of fat produces a large amount of estrogen, increasing the risk of cancer of the reproductive system.
• • Early menstruation – The early menarche increases the risk of developing hormone-sensitive tumors due to high levels of estrogen secretion.
• • Late menopause – Long–time menstrual cycle causes an imbalance of estrogen and progesterone due to long-term secretion of estrogen, increasing the risk of cancer.

Symptoms of Fallopian Tube Cancer

• • Abdominal pain
• • Pelvic pain or mass
• • Nausea
• • Loss of weight
• • Constipation or diarrhea
• • Frequent urination
• • Abnormal periods
• • Unusual vaginal discharge
• • Pain in the back

The Treatment Options for Fallopian Tube Cancer

Surgery

It is an invasive treatment that involves removing the fallopian tube. If the cancer extends to other parts, it also includes the removal of the ovaries and uterus. Removal of the ovaries prevents cancer recurrence.

Chemotherapy

The anticancer medicines are used in combination to shrink the tumor and to control cancer symptoms in advanced-stage cancer.

Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapy is widely used to target cancer cells.
The widely prescribed targeted therapy drug for fallopian tube cancer –

• • Olabir (Olaparib) – It targets BRCA-mutated genes.

Immunotherapy

It is the use of drugs to enhance the immune system to recognize and attack the cancer cells naturally.

Anticancer Medicines Used in Fallopian Tube Cancer

Platinum-based cancer drugs are the mainstay of cancer chemotherapy. These form an adduct by cross-linking DNA, causing cell death.

• • Cycokast (Cisplatin) – first generation with strong cytotoxic activity.
• • Carbokast (Carboplatin) – it offers fewer side effects and is better tolerated.

Taxanes

They inhibit the separation of DNA strands during the cell cycle. highly used in recurrent or platinum-resistant cancers.

• • Nab paclitaxel (Paclitaxel)
• • Docekast (Docetaxel)

Hormone Therapy drugs for Hormone-Sensitive Fallopian Tumors

These drugs work by lowering estrogen levels and are highly effective in low-grade serous cancers

• • Letrozole (Letrozole)
• • Anzakast (Anastrozole)
• • Tamoxifen

Aprazer Develops the Widest Range of Anticancer Medicines

As the leading anticancer drug manufacturer and exporter, Aprazer stands at the forefront of manufacturing a range of affordable anticancer generics.

WHO-GMP-certified medicines made affordable and accessible.