Bone cancer is an aggressive cancer and is not as common as other cancers. It manifests as a painful condition, a tumor near the joints makes it difficult to move, or one in the arms makes it difficult to lift weights.

What is Bone Cancer?

It is the growth of cancer cells in the bone. It is a type of cancer that can occur in any bone, with the thigh bone being a primary target. Bone cancer may be primary, which originates in the bone, or may be secondary, which has spread from other organ cancers.

What are the Types of Bone Cancer?

• • Osteosarcoma – It is a cancer that affects new bone formation.
• • Ewing sarcoma – It is a cancer of the tissue covering the nearby bone area.
• • Chondrosarcoma – Cancer in the tissue connecting bones and joints.

Who is at Risk of Bone Cancer?

• • Age – it occurs in children and young adults
• • Genetics – BRCA genes or other inherited genes
• • Family history – cancer runs in the family
• • Benign bone condition – osteoporosis or some benign lump which can convert to malignant

Symptoms of Bone Cancer

• • Pain in the bones
• • Swelling or a lump near the bones
• • Frequent fractures
• • Unusual weight loss
• • Weakness
• • Difficulty in movement

What is the Treatment for Bone Cancer?

Surgery

It involves removing the bone that has cancer and replacing it with a metal implant.

Chemotherapy

It is used –

• • Before surgery, to shrink the tumor
• • After surgery, to eliminate any cancer cells left
• • To prevent cancer recurrence
• • Palliative care in advanced cases to reduce cancer complications

Radiation Therapy

It is mainly done in Ewing sarcoma or in conditions where surgery is not possible. It involves projecting high-intensity radiation on the tumor.

What are the Common Anticancer Medicines Used in Bone Cancer?

Targeted Therapy Anticancer Drugs

• • Imatinib – Imatikast
• • Sunitinib – Sutekast
• • Pazopanib – Pazokast
• • Cabozantinib – Cabozer
• • Lenvatinib – Lenvakast

Anticancer Medicines for Relapsed Bone Cancer

• • Ifosfamide and Etoposide
• • Docetaxel and Gemcitabine
• • Etoposide taken by mouth

Aprazer Healthcare and Leadership in Oncology Care

Aprazer Healthcare leads the way in cancer care, drug development, and treatment. As the leading anticancer medicine manufacturer, Aprazer develops an array of anticancer treatments that are affordable and accessible.

We are the leading oncology drug exporter from India to 50+ countries, including South Africa, South America, South Asia, and the CIS countries. WHO-GMP certified medicines and uncompromised quality.

From innovation to impact—Aprazer stands at the forefront in cancer care and drug development.

Bile Duct Cancer Has a Very Low Survival Rate

Bile duct cancer remains undiagnosed. It does not show symptoms at the early stages, often remains
undiagnosed, leading to an incurable advanced stage.

At an advanced stage, surgical removal of the bile duct tumor becomes difficult or impossible due to its aggressive nature, as it rapidly spreads to different organs.

Bile Duct Cancer?

Bile duct cancer is an aggressive cancer in the biliary duct system. It rapidly spreads to the bile duct in the liver.

Bile Duct Cancer Types

• • Intrahepatic Bile duct cancer – biliary duct cancer in the liver.
• • Hilar bile duct cancer – it is the cancer at the junction of the bile duct, which passes out of the liver.
• • Extrahepatic bile duct cancer – cancer of the bile duct lying near the intestine or the pancreas.

Effects of Bile Duct Cancer on the Liver

• • Bile duct tumor – It stops the flow of bile and causes bile retention in the liver.
• • Impaired digestion – Lack of digestive juices in the intestine, without bile reaching the intestine, causes malabsorption and indigestion.
• • Toxicity – The bile juice accumulates liver toxins, and its retention in the liver causes toxicity.
• • Liver damage – Accumulated bilirubin and the toxic juice cause inflammation and damage to the liver cells.

Bile Duct Cancer Symptoms

• • Jaundice – yellowing of the skin and eyes
• • Itchy skin and rashes
• • Dark urine
• • Pale stools
• • Abdominal pain
• • Weight loss
• • Loss of appetite

The Increasing Risk Factors for Bile Duct Cancer

• • Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC)
• • Bile duct infections
• • Recurrent bile stones
• • Chronic Liver Diseases
• • Age and genetic factors
• • Smoking
• • Diabetes

Anticancer Treatment for Bile Duct Cancer

• • Surgery
• • Liver transplant
• • Chemotherapy
• • Radiation therapy
• • Immunotherapy
• • Targeted drug therapy
• • Biliary drainage
• • Photodynamic therapy

Chemotherapy in Bile Duct Cancer

The drugs that inhibit cancer cell growth, proliferation, and division.

Chemotherapy is used in bile duct cancer –

• • Neoadjuvant therapy (Before surgery) – It is used to shrink the tumor and facilitate its removal.
• • Adjuvant therapy (After surgery) – to prevent cancer from coming back, it kills the cancer cells missed during the treatment or lowers the risk of cancer cell proliferation.
• • Combined therapy with other treatments – it is used as an adjuvant with immunotherapy or other targeted therapy to prevent its spread to other parts of the body.
• • Palliative care – It is used to slow down tumor progression or to shrink tumors in advanced-stage cancers to relieve cancer-caused symptoms.

The Common Anticancer Medicines Used in Bile Duct Cancer

• • Gemicitabine – Apragem
• • Cisplatin – Cycokast
• • Capecitabine – Capekast
• • Oxaliplatin – Oxazer
• • 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)
• • Leucoverin – Leucokast-50

Aprazer’s Affordable Cancer Treatments

Aprazer Healthcare is a global name as the largest generic anticancer medicine manufacturer, developing affordable WHO-GMP standard anticancer injections and anticancer orals.
We are the leading anticancer medicine exporter to 80+ countries across the globe.

Aparzer – The oncologist’s trusted brand from first-line anticancer therapies to advanced-stage treatments.

Aprazer, involved in the development and launch of innovative oncology treatment drugs, is the largest generic anticancer medicines manufacturer.

Aprazer Healthcare focuses on overcoming the next–decade challenges, such as increased demand for cancer services and financial constraints, by manufacturing affordable medicines.

Affordability Defines Our Initiative for Accessible Healthcare for All

We are the leading anticancer medicine manufacturer, focused on affordable, high-quality medicines while ensuring cutting-edge advancements in oncology drug manufacturing.

Aprazer manufactures more the 40 + anticancer generic medicines, including both anticancer oral and injectable.

Leading the way in oncology drug manufacturing, Aprazer is the largest anticancer medicine exporter.

Aprazer – A Trusted Name in Bulk Export of Anticancer Medicines

Trusted by oncologists and patients, Aprazer stands at the forefront of delivering affordable anticancer medicines worldwide.

As a leading anticancer manufacturer, Aprazer develops a range of generic anticancer oral and injectable products for affordable healthcare access.

• • WHO-GMP-certified medicines.
• • Scientifically backed solutions
• • Assured quality and efficacy
• • stringent quality controls and audits
• • 300+ generic anticancer medicines
• • Advanced therapy medicines

Aprazer Healthcare – Leadership in Oncology Care

Specializing in oncology, Aprazer Healthcare develops a range of affordable generic anticancer medicines, including anticancer orals and anticancer injections.

Uncompromising Quality Standards

Utilizing top-quality APIs with strict quality controls and inspections, Aprazer Healthcare is a leading manufacturer of anticancer medicines, producing safe, efficient, and high-quality oncology drugs.

World-Class Manufacturing Infrastructure

Aprazer Healthcare, backed by advanced manufacturing technology, continues to invest in new drug discovery and development.

Sterile and Stringent Injectable Production

Anticancer injections are developed under stringent quality controls in an aseptic environment, maintaining utmost sterility during manufacturing and dispensing.

Substantial Demand for Aprazer Healthcare Products

We are the leading anticancer medicine bulk exporter to South Africa, Southeast Asia, South America, and the group of CIS countries.

With global collaborations and partnerships, Aprazer maintains a smooth continuum of supply chain, delivering consistent quality and trusted medicines.

Aprazer’s products, like Indenza, Abirakast, have been prescribed worldwide by the leading oncologist, owing to their affordability and uncompromised quality.

Affordable Anticancer Medicines

• • Abirakast – Abiraterone Acetate
• • Lenvakast – Lenvatinib
• • Indenza – Enzalutamide
• • Sutekast – Sunitinib
• • Acalakast – Acalabrutinib

Affordable Anticancer Injections

• • L-Aprakast – Lapatinib
• • Nab Paclikast 100 – Nab-Paclitaxel 100 mg
• • Fulvekast – Fulvestrant
• • Apragem – Gemcitabine
• • Oxazer-100 – Oxaliplatin
• • Dacarzer 200 mg – Dacarbazine

We Are a Bulk Anticancer Medicine Supplier to –

• • Top hospitals
• • Leading oncology care centers
• • NGO healthcare programs
• • Community health centers

Why choose Aprazer Healthcare?

• • Extensive product catalogue
• • Affordable anticancer drugs
• • Assured quality and Efficacy
• • Timely delivery
• • Traceable shipments
• • Temperature control shipment

Aprazer stands at the forefront in the Global fight against cancer.

Aprazer Healthcare leads the way in the fight against cancer, combining scientific innovation and advanced technology to develop a range of high-quality oncology injectables.

• • More effective treatments.
• • Greater affordability.
• • Reliable access across the globe
• • Convenient dosage

Aprazer Healthcare – Leveraging Cutting–Edge Technology

Nanotechnology – the Nano formulation consists of nano-particles that have better solubility and enhanced absorption, offering precision care.

• • Targeted action
• • Better bioavailability
• • Controlled drug release
• • Reduced side effects

Nab-Paclitaxel (Albumin-Bound Paclitaxel Suspension).

Lyophilized freeze-dried solution – it is the process in which water content is removed through sublimation, and the drug is preserved to enhance longer shelf–life.

• • Better shelf life and stability
• • Easy to reconstitute
• • Easy to transport or carry
• • Maintains therapeutic efficacy

Doxorubicin Hydrochloride (Dorucin), Daunorubicin (Daunozer).

Ready-To-Use Injections

These are prefilled syringes that are sterilized and filled with the drug to a defined concentration, thereby reducing the risk of contamination.

• • easy administration
• • better dose accuracy
• • lesser contamination

Fulvestrant injection (Fulvekast), Gemcitabine (Apragem), Docetaxel(Docekast).

Aprazer’s Competitive Edge in Oncology Injections Manufacturing

An extensive oncology injection portfolio

Aparzer manufactures the widest range of generic oncology injections, including –

Dacarbazine (Dacarzer‑200 mg), Paclitaxel (Paclikast 300 mg), Cytarabine (Cytarzer), Etoposide (Posiact), Oxaliplatin (Oxazer), Docetaxel (Docekast),

World-class Manufacturing Infrastructure

With continuous research and drug development, Aprazer Healthcare has global standard manufacturing facilities –

• • WHO-GMP certified manufacturing facilities.
• • Aseptic manufacturing and filling.
• • Advanced HVAC systems for environmental controls
• • Continuous batch process manufacturing
• • Stringent quality controls and monitoring
• • Genuine high-quality API

Global Reach – The Leading Oncology Injection Exporter

Aprazer Healthcare, with its commitment to making healthcare accessible to all, reaches growing economies and is the leading exporter of oncology injections to over 50 countries.

South East Asia, South Africa, South America, and the CIS countries.

Global Partnerships and Collaborations

Aprazer Healthcare is a trusted global platform with strong logistics partners, offering temperature-controlled shipments and timely delivery.

We are collaborating with –

• • Leading pharmaceutical distributors
• • Leading hospitals
• • NGOS,
• • Oncology care centers
• • Medical centers

Regulatory Excellence

We evolve with the changing dynamics of the regulatory standards, aligning with the national regulatory authorities of the countries, offering end-to-end regulatory support.

• • Product labeling and packaging standards for a specific country
• • Bioequivalent and stability support data
• • Product registration and market authorization
• • Regulatory audits and quality inspections
• • Pharmacovigilance systems

The rising cases of liver cancer form a major health concern. However, there are several causes of cancer, but chronic hepatitis B and C are recognized as the leading causes of liver cancer.

Chronic hepatitis causes inflammation of the liver cells that triggers a series of events, trapping the organ in a viscous cycle of tissue repair and inflammation.

Quick Facts About Liver Cancer

• • Liver cancer is the 3rd leading cancer worldwide.
• • Hepatitis B causes liver cancer without cirrhosis.
• • The rising incidence of Fatty liver (NAFLD/NASH) is the subsequent reason for liver cancer.
• • It’s often asymptomatic, diagnosed at later stages.
• • Most common in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.

Understanding Symptoms and causes of liver cancer

What is Liver Cancer?

The uncontrolled growth of abnormal liver cells is called liver cancer.

Types of Liver Cancer:

• • Metastatic Cancer – The cancer that has spread from other cancers in the body to the liver is not liver cancer.
• • Primary Liver Cancer – The most common type of liver cancer that begins in the liver cells is hepatocellular cancer.

Stages of Liver Cancer

• Stage 1: Small-sized tumor that has not spread to nearby blood vessels.
• Stage 2: The rapidly growing and spreading tumor.
• Stage 3A: One or more tumors are formed, and one of them has spread to the major blood vessels near the liver.
• Stage 3B: The tumor extended to different organs nearby.
• Stage 3C: The cancer has spread to the lymph nodes.
• Stage 4: The cancer has spread to distant parts of the body – bones, lungs.

Early Signs of Liver Cancer

• • Extensive weight loss
• • Loss of appetite
• • Pain in the abdomen and swelling
• • Jaundice
• • Tiredness
• • Nausea
• • Vomiting
• • Yellowish urine and skin

Causes of Liver Cancer

Chronic Hepatitis B and C– Viral hepatitis, when untreated, severely damages the liver, causing liver cancer.

Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver – The excess fat deposition in the liver causes tissue injury and liver inflammation.

Cirrhosis – The tissue scar that extends in size and replaces the healthy liver cells.

Genetic disorder – Autoimmune liver disease, liver cell damage.

Intake of steroids – Long-term use of anabolic steroids leads to liver toxicity and malignant transformations.

Who is at Risk of Liver Cancer?

People with chronic hepatitis B and C viral hepatitis- when left untreated for a long time, because chronic inflammation that leads to tissue injury.

People with excessive alcohol consumption- excessive alcohol causes fat deposition in the liver, causing liver tissue injury and inflammation.

Patients having cirrhosis- it is an irreversible stage of liver damage, which can lead to cancer.

Obesity- overweight progresses to excess fat deposits in the liver, causing NASH or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Type 2 diabetes (metabolic disorders)  

Male over 50- it is more common in elderly men due to changes in hormones and lifestyle.

Autoimmune liver disease – Autoimmune hepatitis can cause severe liver damage, increasing the risk of cancer.

Family history of liver cancer- genetic risk of liver cancer increases if the family has an incidence of liver cancer.

Treatment for Liver Cancer

• • Surgical removal of the tumor
• • Targeted anticancer therapy
• • Chemotherapy
• • Immunotherapy
• • Liver transplant

Aprazer Healthcare, global pharmaceutical leaders in liver care produce a large range of hepatoprotective medicines, innovative antivirals and targeted anticancer medicines manufacturer, ranging from liver cancer to blood cancer.

At Aprazer, we ensure quality without compromise, powered by our WHO-GMP certified manufacturing facilities.

Driven by science, backed by trust — Aprazer Healthcare empowers life.

Inflammation that persists in the liver cells for a long time tends to severely damage liver cells and interrupt normal liver functioning.

Acute inflammation exists for a shorter duration, is usually protective. However, chronic inflammation extending longer adversely affects health.

What is chronic liver Inflammation?

The body reacts to foreign stimuli, injury, or infection, causing inflammation.
The inflammation that is left untreated and extends beyond the short duration is called chronic inflammation.

The link between chronic liver Inflammation and liver cancer

• • The inflammation triggers a cascade of events, damaging the cell DNA.
• • Long–term cell injury – the long-term inflammation caused by infections, alcohol, etc., continues to cause liver injury, weaken liver functions, and impair its ability to recover.
• • Immune response overdrive – the chronic inflammation causes the immune system to respond and release signals, causing overactivity, destroying liver tissue and cells.
• • Production of free radicals – the inflammation generates free radicals or oxygen species, which damage cells and cause genetic mutations.
• • Compensatory regeneration – the liver cells over-express themselves to replace the damaged cells. Repetitive cycles of cell division and induced mutations increase the risk of cancer cell multiplication.
• • Liver Fibrosis – damaged or inflamed liver cells form a large tissue scar.
• • Cirrhosis – the fibrosis or tissue scar covers the entire organ. It is an irreversible stage leading to severe liver damage.
• • Cancer development – the series of events, including oxidative stress, immune overactivity, and tissue scarring, causes cancerous transformations.

Causes of Liver cancer – Types of chronic liver inflammation

• • Hepatitis B or C infection – When a virus is not cleared for the long term, it causes an overactive cycle of inflammation.
• • Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease – excessive fat buildup in the liver due to obesity, metabolic disorders, causing liver injury and inflammation, triggering an immune response.
• • Alcoholic Fatty Liver – fat buildup due to alcohol, causing long-term inflammation.
• • Fibrosis – the inflammation that affects tissue, causing tissue scarring.
• • Cirrhosis – the irreversible liver damage or the rebound inflammation.

Final thought to prevent liver cancer

Managing inflammation through timely intervention, lifestyle modification reduces the risk of cancer.

Aprazer Healthcare – Empowering Liver Health, Preventing Cancer

Aprazer, committed to fighting hepatitis globally, manufactures a range of antiviral therapy medicines and hepatoprotective drugs to prevent liver damage.

Aprazer is a world-recognized name and the largest manufacturer of hepatitis B and Hepatitis C medicines.

• • World-class manufacturing infrastructure
• • WHO-GMP-certified medicines
• • Continuous research and drug development
• • Equipped with cutting-edge technology
• • Global presence and partnerships

Proven Effective in Multiple Stages of Disease Progression

Prostate Cancer?

The enlarged cell or the over-expressive cells in the prostate gland tends to cause prostate cancer.

Prostate Cancer: A Shifting Challenge

Prostate cancer is the prevalent cancer in men and is treated by surgery, radiation or hormone therapy.
However, the condition remains uncontrolled after treatment, leading to resistant prostate cancer.

What is Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer?

The cancer cell adapts to the changing environment and mutates to grow even in low levels of testosterone, reaching the castration state.
The cancer becomes resistant to hormone therapy and continues to grow, even after the removal of the testicles.

Treatments for Prostate Cancer

Hormone Deprivation Therapy

Testosterone promotes the growth of tumors. Hormone therapy effectively inhibits testosterone secretion.
Inhibiting androgen secretion shrinks the tumor and blocks cancer cell proliferation.

Enzalutamide (Indenza): A Game Changer in CRPC Treatment

Enzalutamide is a second-generation drug. It blocks the signaling pathway, directly blocking the androgen receptor or the response signal for cancer proliferation.

Enzalutamide Offers a Three-Step Blockade

• • Blocking testosterone binding to the androgen receptor.
• • Inhibiting the translocation of the androgen receptor.
• • Preventing androgen binding to DNA.

The first-generation androgen receptor blockers do not bind strongly.

Understanding the Paradoxical Role of Bicalutamide

Bicalutamide does not directly bind to the receptor; it is a competitive testosterone receptor antagonist that reduces its blocking efficacy. It acts as a partial agonist, which stimulates the androgen receptor without fully blocking it.

Why Enzalutamide is Superior in CRPC Management?

Compared to the first-generation androgen inhibitors, enzalutamide binds selectively to the testosterone receptors, potentially blocking the testosterone binding.

• • Selective blockade
• • Complete antagonist effects
• • Lower resistance
• • No agonist effect
• • Shuts down AR signaling entirely
• • Prolongs survival
• • Delays disease progression
• • Improves quality of life
• • Effective even after hormone resistance

Aprazer Healthcare – Advancing Cancer Care Globally

At Aprazer, we are committed to making essential healthcare accessible and affordable for all. We manufacture one of the largest ranges of high-quality anticancer medicines, including Indenza (Enzalutamide) for CRPC.

Global Reach

We are widely available in the global healthcare markets in CIS countries, Southeast Asia, Africa, and South America.

Why Aprazer?

• • World-class manufacturing infrastructure
• • Continuous research-driven innovation
• • Scientifically backed solutions

Hormone cancer is a highly prevalent cancer that constitutes about 60 percent of the breast cancers.
and its treatment requires hormonal therapies.

However, inflammatory breast cancer is the rarest form and requires treatment by a combination of
therapies.

Understanding the types of breast cancer becomes crucial to unravel the best treatments.

Types of Breast Cancer

HER-2 Positive Cancer

Next comes HER2-positive cancer, which means excessive HER-2 genes, relying on estrogen and progesterone to grow. HER-2 is Human Epidermal Growth Factor receptor-2, which helps breast cell growth and repair. Treatment involves both HER2-targeted therapy and hormone therapy.

HER-2 Negative Cancer

HER-2 negative cancer produces excessive HER-2 gene but does not depend upon estrogen or progesterone; treatment involves a targeted therapy approach.

Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

It is a type of cancer that does not depend on hormone secretion. The treatment required a combined therapy – chemotherapy, immunotherapy, surgery, and targeted therapy.

Metastasis of Breast Cancer

The cancer is spreading to different parts.

Breast Cancer caused by Inflammation

It’s the rarest cancer, highly aggressive, having symptoms like redness, flare, and does not cause the formation of a lump. Treatment focuses on combination therapy, including antibody-drug conjugates.

Types of Breast Cancer Treatments

Targeted Therapy used in Breast Cancer

It involves targeting the cancer cells, causing minimal harm to the normal cells.

• • CDK4/6 protein inhibitors – Used in HER-2 negative cancers to inhibit the cancer cell cycle.
• • HER2 inhibitor drugs – Used for hormone-dependent cancers like HER-2 positive cancers.
• • Multi-kinase inhibitor – Used in combined therapies to treat advanced or early-stage cancers.

Hormonal Drug Therapy for Breast Cancer

Hormonal therapy inhibits the secretion of hormones. It blocks estrogen (female hormone), prevents tumor growth, and also causes shrinkage of the tumor to shrink.

• • Aromatase inhibitor – This enzyme converts androgens to estrogens. Blocking the aromatase enzyme significantly lowers the estrogen expression.
  It’s highly effective for women after the post menopause.
• • Selective estrogen receptor inhibitor (SERD) – Stops estrogen secretion.
• • Luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone propagator – LHRH alters this ovarian function, thus reducing estrogen secretion.
  It produces high results in pre-menopausal women.

Immunotherapy

Immune therapy improves the immune system, reduces cancer.

• • Checkpoint inhibitors – They reactivate the immune system and are used in triple-negative breast cancer.
• • Monoclonal Antibodies – These produce antibodies against cancer.
• • Genetically modified T cells
• • Antibody-Drug Conjugates – The antibodies are abreast with cytotoxic drugs, like microtubule inhibitors, to kill cancer cells.

Aprazer Healthcare: Advancing Cancer Care Treatments

Bridging the affordability gap, Aprazer Healthcare develops a range of affordable oncology care medicines and is the largest manufacturer of anticancer medicines.

The anticancer medicines are available worldwide in 50+ countries of South America, Africa, Southeast Asia, and CIS countries.

World-class manufacturing infrastructure and WHO-GMP certified premium quality.

A small mass over the left kidney remained silent until it was incidentally discovered following a treatment for an accident and was diagnosed as Kidney cancer.

This is not Uncommon-

Ninety-nine percent of kidney tumors remain hidden for years and are diagnosed when they reach an advanced stage or are often discovered accidentally, looking for other diseases.

Kidney tumor?

The Growth of cells or mass in the kidney that highly abnormal and may be cancerous or non-cancerous.

A cancerous mass requires immediate intervention. However, non-cancerous conditions do not require immediate treatment and may remain harmful for years.

Types of Kidney Tumors

• • Benign Tumors – The non-cancerous tumors that do not spread and are usually harmless.
• • Malignant Tumors – Harmful tumors that change the structure, size, and spread to the neighboring organs and body parts.

Kidney cancer?

It is the uncontrolled growth of cells in the kidney, and rapid cell division and proliferation occur in kidney cells.

Types of Kidney Cancer

• • Carcinoma of the Renal Cells: The cancer of the renal tubules. It is the most common kidney cancer.
• • Carcinoma of the Transitional Cells: Cancer of the Renal Pelvis that collects urine.
• • Sarcoma of the Renal Tissue: Connective tissue of the kidney get cancerous.
• • Wilms’ Tumor: It is a cancer that occurs in the immature kidney cell in children.
• • Kidney Lymphoma: The blood cancer that effects the kidney.

Risk Factors for Kidney Cancer

• • Smoking
• • Excessive weight
• • Hypertension
• • Family history of renal cancer
• • Chronic kidney disorder
• • Exposure to mutagenic chemicals and gases
• • Sex: Males
• • Age: above 50 years

Symptoms of Kidney Cancer

• • Blood in the urine
• • A lump or mass in the kidney area
• • Pain in the flank
• • Tiredness
• • Reduced appetite
• • Unexpected weight loss
• • Mild fever
• • High calcium
• • Anemia
• • Low blood count
• • Pain in the bones and muscles

Understanding The Stages and Grades of Cancer

The stages of kidney cancer

Stages 1 to 2 – local, cancer has not spread

Stages 3 to 4 – aggressive and fast spreading stage

The stage of cancer is used in diagnosis to determine the size and the spread of cancer.

The Grades of Kidney Cancer:

The grade defines the nature of cancer, the abnormality in the shape of the cancer cells.

• • Grade 1 – slow growth
• • Grade 2 – moderate growth
• • Grade 3 – more likely to spread
• • Grade 4 – aggressive and fast spreading

Cutting-Edge Kidney Cancer Treatments by Aprazer Healthcare

Understanding criticality and the urgent need for affordable access to anticancer medicines, Aprazer develops a range of world-class oncology care medicines, affordable and accessible to all.

• • World-class manufacturing infrastructure
• • Global standards for medicines – WHO-GMP-certified
• • Scientifically backed solutions
• • Continuous research and drug development
• • Assured quality, efficacy, and safety

Our vast Oncology portfolio consists of –

• • Chemotherapy medicines: Apragem, Dorucin
• • Targeted therapy medicines: Pazokast, Inlybest

Hepatitis C silently kills a million lives every year.

Aprazer Healthcare stands at the forefront, developing advanced Hepatitis C medicines, with innovative drug developments taking place at its state-of-the-art manufacturing facility.

Hepatitis C?

Hepatitis C is a liver infection.

Causative Agent: Hepatitis C virus (HCV)

The HCV Virus Induces-

Inflammation and swelling in the liver.

Types of Hepatitis C

• • Acute Hepatitis C – lasts for a few months
• • Chronic Hepatitis C – persistent and lasts longer

The Modes of Transmission of Hepatitis C

• • Mother to child
• • Infected needles or syringes
• • Sharing personal items like razors, toothbrushes
• • Transfusion of infected blood
• • Unsafe sex

Symptoms of Hepatitis C

Early symptoms often remain unrecognized.

The acute phase shows mild symptoms that can subside on their own.

However, the disease remains silent for many years, and the symptoms appear only when it has damaged the liver.

• • Weakness
• • Bleeding
• • Loss of appetite
• • Jaundice
• • Yellowish discoloration of skin, eyes, and urine
• • Fluid retention, swelling in legs and feet
• • Weight loss
• • Confusion, drowsiness
• • Spider-like blood vessels or veins

Complications of Chronic Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C continues to damage the liver, causing severe outcomes.

• • Liver scarring
• • Liver fibrosis
• • Hepatocellular Carcinoma
• • High pressure in the portal vein
• • Liver failure
• • Joint pain, kidney disease, and kidney inflammation
• • Insulin resistance, increased risk of diabetes
• • Brain fog, impaired cognitive functions

Is There Any Cure for Hepatitis C?

The direct-acting antivirals inhibit the growth and multiplication of the viral cells, significantly killing the virus.

• • Highly effective – Can be used in cirrhosis or other liver complications
• • Well tolerated – Lesser side effects
• • Shorter treatment duration
• • Convenient and easy to use orally

Highly Prescribed Medicines for Hepatitis C

• • Velakast
• • Ribasure
• • Ledikast
• • Dacikast
• • Sofokast Plus
• • Sofokast

Cure Is Possible, but Access Is Key

While the cure is possible, hepatitis C remains a global burden due to inaccessible healthcare, expensive treatments, and medicines.

Aprazer’s Promise – Access, Affordability, and Accountability

Aprazer Healthcare, committed to building a sustained healthcare ecosystem where the essential medicines are available and accessible to all, manufactures an affordable range of Hepatitis C medicines.

• • WHO –GMP certified medicines
• • Uncompromised quality and safety
• • Assured efficacy
• • Global reach and partnership

Aprazer Healthcare – A real chance at a Hepatitis C-free life.